Which authority was empowered by the Refuse Act of 1899 to permit dumping?

The Refuse Act of 1899 granted authority to the Secretary of the Army to regulate the dumping of refuse into navigable waters of the United States. This act aims to protect water bodies from pollution and ensure the maintenance of navigation. The Secretary of the Army, through the Corps of Engineers, oversees permits related to the discharge of materials into these waters. This authority is an essential part of environmental management, allowing for the balance between development and the protection of aquatic environments.

Other authorities, like the Environmental Protection Agency or the Department of Justice, may play roles in environmental protection and enforcement, but the primary authority for permitting dumping under the Refuse Act specifically lies with the Secretary of the Army. The President of the United States does not have direct responsibility for this aspect of environmental regulation through the Refuse Act.